In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) adopted IAS 18 Revenue, which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in

December 1993. IAS 18 Revenue replaced IAS 18 Revenue Recognition (issued in December

1982).

Other IFRSs have made minor consequential amendments to IAS 18. They include

Improvements to IFRSs (issued April 2009), IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (issued November 2009 and October 2010), IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements (issued May 2011), IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement (issued May 2011) and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Hedge Accounting and amendments to IFRS 9, IFRS 7 and IAS 39) (issued November 2013).

CONTENTS

INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 18

REVENUE

OBJECTIVE

SCOPE

DEFINITIONS

MEASUREMENT OF REVENUE

IDENTIFICATION OF THE TRANSACTION

SALE OF GOODS

RENDERING OF SERVICES

INTEREST, ROYALTIES AND DIVIDENDS

DISCLOSURE

EFFECTIVE DATE

FOR THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS LISTED BELOW, SEE PART B OF THIS

EDITION

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Sale of goods

Rendering of services

Interest, royalties and dividends

Recognition and measurement

International Accounting Standard 18 Revenue (IAS 18) is set out in paragraphs 1-43. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB. IAS 18 should be read in the context of its objective, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.

International Accounting Standard 18

Revenue

Objective

Income is defined in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements1 as increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity participants. Income encompasses both revenue and gains. Revenue is income that arises in the course of ordinary activities of an entity and is referred to by a variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment of revenue arising from certain types of transactions and events.

recognised. It also provides practical guidance on the application of these criteria.

Scope

              This Standard shall be applied in accounting for revenue arising from the

following transactions and events:

         the sale of goods;

         the rendering of services; and

         the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and

dividends.

              This Standard supersedes IAS 18 Revenue Recognition approved in 1982.

              Goods includes goods produced by the entity for the purpose of sale and goods

purchased for resale, such as merchandise purchased by a retailer or land and other property held for resale.

              The rendering of services typically involves the performance by the entity of a

contractually agreed task over an agreed period of time. The services may be rendered within a single period or over more than one period. Some contracts for the rendering of services are directly related to construction contracts, for example, those for the services of project managers and architects. Revenue arising from these contracts is not dealt with in this Standard but is dealt with in accordance with the requirements for construction contracts as specified in IAS 11 Construction Contracts.

              The use by others of entity assets gives rise to revenue in the form of:

     IASC's Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements was adopted by the IASB in

2001. In September 2010 the IASB replaced the Framework with the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.

interest—charges for the use of cash or cash equivalents or amounts due

to the entity;

royalties—charges for the use of long-term assets of the entity, for

example, patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer software; and

dividends—distributions of profits to holders of equity investments in

proportion to their holdings of a particular class of capital.

              This Standard does not deal with revenue arising from:

Definitions

lease agreements (see IAS 17 Leases);

dividends arising from investments which are accounted for under the

equity method (see IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures);

insurance contracts within the scope of IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts;

changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities or

their disposal (see IFRS 9 Financial Instruments);

changes in the value of other current assets;

initial recognition and from changes in the fair value of biological assets

related to agricultural activity (see IAS 41 Agriculture);

initial recognition of agricultural produce (see IAS 41); and

the extraction of mineral ores.

7             The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings

specified:

Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period

arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to

transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants

at the measurement date. (See IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement.)

              Revenue includes only the gross inflows of economic benefits received and

receivable by the entity on its own account. Amounts collected on behalf of third parties such as sales taxes, goods and services taxes and value added taxes are not economic benefits which flow to the entity and do not result in increases in equity. Therefore, they are excluded from revenue. Similarly, in an agency relationship, the gross inflows of economic benefits include amounts collected on behalf of the principal and which do not result in increases in equity for the entity. The amounts collected on behalf of the principal are not revenue. Instead, revenue is the amount of commission.

Measurement of revenue

or receivable.2

The amount of revenue arising on a transaction is usually determined by agreement between the entity and the buyer or user of the asset. It is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable taking into account the amount of any trade discounts and volume rebates allowed by the entity.

In most cases, the consideration is in the form of cash or cash equivalents and the amount of revenue is the amount of cash or cash equivalents received or receivable. However, when the inflow of cash or cash equivalents is deferred, the fair value of the consideration may be less than the nominal amount of cash received or receivable. For example, an entity may provide interest-free credit to the buyer or accept a note receivable bearing a below-market interest rate from the buyer as consideration for the sale of goods. When the arrangement effectively constitutes a financing transaction, the fair value of the consideration is determined by discounting all future receipts using an imputed rate of interest. The imputed rate of interest is the more clearly determinable of either:

         the prevailing rate for a similar instrument of an issuer with a similar

credit rating; or

         a rate of interest that discounts the nominal amount of the instrument

to the current cash sales price of the goods or services.

The difference between the fair value and the nominal amount of the

consideration is recognised as interest revenue in accordance with paragraphs 29 and 30 and in accordance with IFRS 9.

When goods or services are exchanged or swapped for goods or services which are of a similar nature and value, the exchange is not regarded as a transaction which generates revenue. This is often the case with commodities like oil or milk where suppliers exchange or swap inventories in various locations to fulfil demand on a timely basis in a particular location. When goods are sold or services are rendered in exchange for dissimilar goods or services, the exchange is regarded as a transaction which generates revenue. The revenue is measured at the fair value of the goods or services received, adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash equivalents transferred. When the fair value of the goods or services received cannot be measured reliably, the revenue is measured at the fair value of the goods or services given up, adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash equivalents transferred.

Identification of the transaction

The recognition criteria in this Standard are usually applied separately to each transaction. However, in certain circumstances, it is necessary to apply the recognition criteria to the separately identifiable components of a single transaction in order to reflect the substance of the transaction. For example,

See also SIC-31 Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services.

when the selling price of a product includes an identifiable amount for subsequent servicing, that amount is deferred and recognised as revenue over the period during which the service is performed. Conversely, the recognition criteria are applied to two or more transactions together when they are linked in such a way that the commercial effect cannot be understood without reference to the series of transactions as a whole. For example, an entity may sell goods and, at the same time, enter into a separate agreement to repurchase the goods at a later date, thus negating the substantive effect of the transaction; in such a case, the two transactions are dealt with together.

Sale of goods

              Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognised when all the following

conditions have been satisfied:

the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and

rewards of ownership of the goods;

the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control

over the goods sold;

the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the

transaction will flow to the entity; and

the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably.

The assessment of when an entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer requires an examination of the circumstances of the transaction. In most cases, the transfer of the risks and rewards of ownership coincides with the transfer of the legal title or the passing of possession to the buyer. This is the case for most retail sales. In other cases, the transfer of risks and rewards of ownership occurs at a different time from the transfer of legal title or the passing of possession.

retain the significant risks and rewards of ownership are:

when the entity retains an obligation for unsatisfactory performance not

covered by normal warranty provisions;

when the receipt of the revenue from a particular sale is contingent on

the derivation of revenue by the buyer from its sale of the goods;

when the goods are shipped subject to installation and the installation is

a significant part of the contract which has not yet been completed by

the entity; and

         when the buyer has the right to rescind the purchase for a reason

specified in the sales contract and the entity is uncertain about the probability of return.

If an entity retains only an insignificant risk of ownership, the transaction is a sale and revenue is recognised. For example, a seller may retain the legal title to the goods solely to protect the collectibility of the amount due. In such a case, if the entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership, the transaction is a sale and revenue is recognised. Another example of an entity retaining only an insignificant risk of ownership may be a retail sale when a refund is offered if the customer is not satisfied. Revenue in such cases is recognised at the time of sale provided the seller can reliably estimate future returns and recognises a liability for returns based on previous experience and other relevant factors.

Revenue and expenses that relate to the same transaction or other event are recognised simultaneously; this process is commonly referred to as the matching of revenues and expenses. Expenses, including warranties and other costs to be incurred after the shipment of the goods can normally be measured reliably when the other conditions for the recognition of revenue have been satisfied. However, revenue cannot be recognised when the expenses cannot be measured reliably; in such circumstances, any consideration already received for the sale of the goods is recognised as a liability.

Rendering of services

When the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be estimated reliably, revenue associated with the transaction shall be recognised by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period. The outcome of a transaction can be

estimated reliably when all the following conditions are satisfied:

the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;

it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the

transaction will flow to the entity;

the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the

reporting period can be measured reliably; and

          the costs incurred for the transaction and the costs to complete

the transaction can be measured reliably.3

The recognition of revenue by reference to the stage of completion of a transaction is often referred to as the percentage of completion method. Under this method, revenue is recognised in the accounting periods in which the services are rendered. The recognition of revenue on this basis provides useful information on the extent of service activity and performance during a period. IAS 11 also requires the recognition of revenue on this basis. The requirements of that Standard are generally applicable to the recognition of revenue and the associated expenses for a transaction involving the rendering of services.

Revenue is recognised only when it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. However, when an uncertainty arises about the collectibility of an amount already included in revenue, the uncollectible amount, or the amount in respect of which recovery has ceased to be probable, is recognised as an expense, rather than as an adjustment of the amount of revenue originally recognised.

An entity is generally able to make reliable estimates after it has agreed to the

following with the other parties to the transaction:

          each party's enforceable rights regarding the service to be provided and

received by the parties;

          the consideration to be exchanged; and

          the manner and terms of settlement.

It is also usually necessary for the entity to have an effective internal financial

budgeting and reporting system. The entity reviews and, when necessary, revises the estimates of revenue as the service is performed. The need for such revisions does not necessarily indicate that the outcome of the transaction cannot be estimated reliably.

              The stage of completion of a transaction may be determined by a variety of

methods. An entity uses the method that measures reliably the services performed. Depending on the nature of the transaction, the methods may

include:

surveys of work performed;

services performed to date as a percentage of total services to be

performed; or

the proportion that costs incurred to date bear to the estimated total costs of the transaction. Only costs that reflect services performed to date are included in costs incurred to date. Only costs that reflect services performed or to be performed are included in the estimated total costs of the transaction.

Progress payments and advances received from customers often do not reflect the services performed.

Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising Services.

For practical purposes, when services are performed by an indeterminate number of acts over a specified period of time, revenue is recognised on a straight-line basis over the specified period unless there is evidence that some other method better represents the stage of completion. When a specific act is much more significant than any other acts, the recognition of revenue is postponed until the significant act is executed.

When the outcome of the transaction involving the rendering of services cannot be estimated reliably, revenue shall be recognised only to the extent of the expenses recognised that are recoverable.

During the early stages of a transaction, it is often the case that the outcome of the transaction cannot be estimated reliably. Nevertheless, it may be probable that the entity will recover the transaction costs incurred. Therefore, revenue is recognised only to the extent of costs incurred that are expected to be recoverable. As the outcome of the transaction cannot be estimated reliably, no profit is recognised.

Interest, royalties and dividends

              Revenue arising from the use by others of entity assets yielding interest,

royalties and dividends shall be recognised on the bases set out in

paragraph 30 when:

         it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the

transaction will flow to the entity; and

         the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.

              Revenue shall be recognised on the following bases:

interest shall be recognised using the effective interest method as

set out in IAS 39, paragraphs 9 and AG5-AG8;

royalties shall be recognised on an accrual basis in accordance

with the substance of the relevant agreement; and

dividends shall be recognised when the shareholder's right to

receive payment is established.