Note:
The opening obligation is the present value of the benefit attributed to
prior years.
The current service cost is the present value of the benefit attributed to
the current year.
The closing obligation is the present value of the benefit attributed to
current and prior years.
An entity discounts the whole of a post-employment benefit obligation, even if part of the obligation is expected to be settled before twelve months after the reporting period.
Attributing benefit to periods of service
In determining the present value of its defined benefit obligations and the related current service cost and, where applicable, past service cost, an entity shall attribute benefit to periods of service under the plan's benefit formula. However, if an employee's service in later years will lead to a materially higher level of benefit than in earlier years, an entity shall
attribute benefit on a straight-line basis from:
the date when service by the employee first leads to benefits under
the plan (whether or not the benefits are conditional on further
service) until
the date when further service by the employee will lead to no
material amount of further benefits under the plan, other than from further salary increases.
The projected unit credit method requires an entity to attribute benefit to the current period (in order to determine current service cost) and the current and prior periods (in order to determine the present value of defined benefit obligations). An entity attributes benefit to periods in which the obligation to provide post-employment benefits arises. That obligation arises as employees render services in return for post-employment benefits that an entity expects to pay in future reporting periods. Actuarial techniques allow an entity to measure
that obligation with sufficient reliability to justify recognition of a liability.
Examples illustrating paragraph 71
A defined benefit plan provides a lump sum benefit of CU100 payable on
retirement for each year of service.
A benefit of CU100 is attributed to each year. The current service cost is the present
value of CU100. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is the
present value of CU100, multiplied by the number of years of service up to the end of the reporting period.
If the benefit is payable immediately when the employee leaves the entity, the
current service cost and the present value of the defined benefit obligation reflect the
date at which the employee is expected to leave. Thus, because of the effect of discounting, they are less than the amounts that would be determined if the employee left at the end of the reporting period.
A plan provides a monthly pension of 0.2 per cent of final salary for each
year of service. The pension is payable from the age of 65.
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Examples illustrating paragraph 71
Benefit equal to the present value, at the expected retirement date, of a monthly
pension of 0.2 per cent of the estimated final salary payable from the expected
retirement date until the expected date of death is attributed to each year of service. The current service cost is the present value of that benefit. The present value of the
defined benefit obligation is the present value of monthly pension payments of 0.2 per cent of final salary, multiplied by the number of years of service up to the end
of the reporting period. The current service cost and the present value of the defined benefit obligation are discounted because pension payments begin at the age of 65.
Employee service gives rise to an obligation under a defined benefit plan even if the benefits are conditional on future employment (in other words they are not vested). Employee service before the vesting date gives rise to a constructive obligation because, at the end of each successive reporting period, the amount of future service that an employee will have to render before becoming entitled to the benefit is reduced. In measuring its defined benefit obligation, an entity considers the probability that some employees may not satisfy any vesting requirements. Similarly, although some post-employment benefits, for example, post-employment medical benefits, become payable only if a specified event occurs when an employee is no longer employed, an obligation is created when the employee renders service that will provide entitlement to the benefit if the specified event occurs. The probability that the specified event will occur affects the measurement of the obligation, but does not determine whether the obligation exists.
Examples illustrating paragraph 72
A plan pays a benefit of CU100 for each year of service. The benefits vest
after ten years of service.
A benefit of CU100 is attributed to each year. In each of the first ten years, the
current service cost and the present value of the obligation reflect the probability that the employee may not complete ten years of service.
A plan pays a benefit of CU100 for each year of service, excluding service
before the age of 25. The benefits vest immediately.
No benefit is attributed to service before the age of 25 because service before that
date does not lead to benefits (conditional or unconditional). A benefit of CU100 is attributed to each subsequent year.
The obligation increases until the date when further service by the employee will lead to no material amount of further benefits. Therefore, all benefit is attributed to periods ending on or before that date. Benefit is attributed to individual accounting periods under the plan's benefit formula. However, if an employee's service in later years will lead to a materially higher level of benefit than in earlier years, an entity attributes benefit on a straight-line basis until the date when further service by the employee will lead to no material amount of further benefits. That is because the employee's service throughout the entire period will ultimately lead to benefit at that higher level.
Examples illustrating paragraph 73
A plan pays a lump sum benefit of CU1,000 that vests after ten years of
service. The plan provides no further benefit for subsequent service.
A benefit of CU100 (CU1,000 divided by ten) is attributed to each of the first ten
years.
The current service cost in each of the first ten years reflects the probability that
the employee may not complete ten years of service. No benefit is attributed to subsequent years.
A plan pays a lump sum retirement benefit of CU2,000 to all employees
who are still employed at the age of 55 after twenty years of service, or
who are still employed at the age of 65, regardless of their length of service.
For employees who join before the age of 35, service first leads to benefits under the
plan at the age of 35 (an employee could leave at the age of 30 and return at the age of 33, with no effect on the amount or timing of benefits). Those benefits are conditional on further service. Also, service beyond the age of 55 will lead to no
material amount of further benefits. For these employees, the entity attributes
benefit of CU100 (CU2,000 divided by twenty) to each year from the age of 35 to the age of 55.
For employees who join between the ages of 35 and 45, service beyond twenty years
will lead to no material amount of further benefits. For these employees, the entity attributes benefit of 100 (2,000 divided by twenty) to each of the first twenty years.
For an employee who joins at the age of 55, service beyond ten years will lead to no
material amount of further benefits. For this employee, the entity attributes benefit of CU200 (CU2,000 divided by ten) to each of the first ten years.
For all employees, the current service cost and the present value of the obligation
reflect the probability that the employee may not complete the necessary period of service.
A post-employment medical plan reimburses 40 per cent of an
employee's post-employment medical costs if the employee leaves after
more than ten and less than twenty years of service and 50 per cent of those costs if the employee leaves after twenty or more years of service.
Under the plan's benefit formula, the entity attributes 4 per cent of the present
value of the expected medical costs (40 per cent divided by ten) to each of the first
ten years and 1 per cent (10 per cent divided by ten) to each of the second ten years.
The current service cost in each year reflects the probability that the employee may not complete the necessary period of service to earn part or all of the benefits. For employees expected to leave within ten years, no benefit is attributed.
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Examples illustrating paragraph 73
A post-employment medical plan reimburses 10 per cent of an
employee's post-employment medical costs if the employee leaves after
more than ten and less than twenty years of service and 50 per cent of those costs if the employee leaves after twenty or more years of service.
Service in later years will lead to a materially higher level of benefit than in earlier
years. Therefore, for employees expected to leave after twenty or more years, the
entity attributes benefit on a straight-line basis under paragraph 71. Service beyond twenty years will lead to no material amount of further benefits.
Therefore, the benefit attributed to each of the first twenty years is 2.5 per cent of the present value of the expected medical costs (50 per cent divided by twenty).
For employees expected to leave between ten and twenty years, the benefit attributed
to each of the first ten years is 1 per cent of the present value of the expected medical costs.
For these employees, no benefit is attributed to service between the end of the tenth
year and the estimated date of leaving.
For employees expected to leave within ten years, no benefit is attributed.
Where the amount of a benefit is a constant proportion of final salary for each
year of service, future salary increases will affect the amount required to settle the obligation that exists for service before the end of the reporting period, but
do not create an additional obligation. Therefore:
for the purpose of paragraph 70(b), salary increases do not lead to further benefits, even though the amount of the benefits is dependent on final
salary; and
the amount of benefit attributed to each period is a constant proportion of the salary to which the benefit is linked.
Example illustrating paragraph 74
Employees are entitled to a benefit of 3 per cent of final salary for each year of service before the age of 55.
Benefit of 3 per cent of estimated final salary is attributed to each year up to the age of
55. This is the date when further service by the employee will lead to no material
amount of further benefits under the plan. No benefit is attributed to service after that age.
Actuarial assumptions
Actuarial assumptions shall be unbiased and mutually compatible.
Actuarial assumptions are an entity's best estimates of the variables that will
determine the ultimate cost of providing post-employment benefits. Actuarial
assumptions comprise:
demographic assumptions about the future characteristics of current
and former employees (and their dependants) who are eligible for
benefits. Demographic assumptions deal with matters such as:
mortality (see paragraphs 81 and 82);
rates of employee turnover, disability and early retirement;
the proportion of plan members with dependants who will be
eligible for benefits;
the proportion of plan members who will select each form of
payment option available under the plan terms; and
claim rates under medical plans.
financial assumptions, dealing with items such as:
the discount rate (see paragraphs 83-86);
benefit levels, excluding any cost of the benefits to be met by
employees, and future salary (see paragraphs 87-95);
in the case of medical benefits, future medical costs, including claim handling costs (ie the costs that will be incurred in processing and resolving claims, including legal and adjuster's
fees) (see paragraphs 96-98); and
taxes payable by the plan on contributions relating to service before the reporting date or on benefits resulting from that service.
Actuarial assumptions are unbiased if they are neither imprudent nor excessively conservative.
Actuarial assumptions are mutually compatible if they reflect the economic relationships between factors such as inflation, rates of salary increase and discount rates. For example, all assumptions that depend on a particular inflation level (such as assumptions about interest rates and salary and benefit increases) in any given future period assume the same inflation level in that period.
An entity determines the discount rate and other financial assumptions in nominal (stated) terms, unless estimates in real (inflation-adjusted) terms are more reliable, for example, in a hyperinflationary economy (see IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies), or where the benefit is index-linked and there is a deep market in index-linked bonds of the same currency and term.
Financial assumptions shall be based on market expectations, at the end of the reporting period, for the period over which the obligations are to be settled.
Actuarial assumptions: mortality
An entity shall determine its mortality assumptions by reference to its best estimate of the mortality of plan members both during and after employment.
In order to estimate the ultimate cost of the benefit an entity takes into consideration expected changes in mortality, for example by modifying standard mortality tables with estimates of mortality improvements.
Actuarial assumptions: discount rate
The rate used to discount post-employment benefit obligations (both funded and unfunded) shall be determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on high quality corporate bonds. In countries where there is no deep market in such bonds, the market yields (at the end of the reporting period) on government bonds shall be used. The currency and term of the corporate bonds or government bonds shall be consistent with the currency and estimated term of the post-employment benefit obligations.
One actuarial assumption that has a material effect is the discount rate. The discount rate reflects the time value of money but not the actuarial or
investment risk. Furthermore, the discount rate does not reflect the
entity-specific credit risk borne by the entity's creditors, nor does it reflect the risk that future experience may differ from actuarial assumptions.
The discount rate reflects the estimated timing of benefit payments. In practice, an entity often achieves this by applying a single weighted average discount rate that reflects the estimated timing and amount of benefit payments and the currency in which the benefits are to be paid.
In some cases, there may be no deep market in bonds with a sufficiently long maturity to match the estimated maturity of all the benefit payments. In such cases, an entity uses current market rates of the appropriate term to discount shorter-term payments, and estimates the discount rate for longer maturities by extrapolating current market rates along the yield curve. The total present value of a defined benefit obligation is unlikely to be particularly sensitive to the discount rate applied to the portion of benefits that is payable beyond the final maturity of the available corporate or government bonds.
Actuarial assumptions: salaries, benefits and medical costs
An entity shall measure its defined benefit obligations on a basis that
reflects:
the benefits set out in the terms of the plan (or resulting from any
constructive obligation that goes beyond those terms) at the end of
the reporting period;
any estimated future salary increases that affect the benefits
payable;
the effect of any limit on the employer's share of the cost of the
future benefits;
contributions from employees or third parties that reduce the
ultimate cost to the entity of those benefits; and
estimated future changes in the level of any state benefits that
affect the benefits payable under a defined benefit plan, if, and only
if, either:
those changes were enacted before the end of the reporting
period;
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